Sizing chart
Please touch "+" to see the measurements for each size
0 - Very small breeds:like Yorkshire Terrier, Miniature Pinscher, Ratter
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 2 2/5 inches (6 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 6 2/5 inches (16 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| no need |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 10 - 13 1/5 inches (25 - 33 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 1 4/5 inches (4.5 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 2 2/5 inches (6 cm) |
1 - Miniature Schnauzer etc.
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 2 1/5 inches (5.5 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 7 1/5 inches (18 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| no need |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 10 - 14 inches (25 - 35 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 2 1/5 inches (5.5 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 2 2/5 inches (6 cm) |
2
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 2 4/5 inches (7 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 8 inches (20 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 2 2/5 - 6 4/5 inches (6 - 17 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 10 4/5 - 16 inches (27 - 40 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 2 3/5 inches (6.5 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 2 4/5 inches (7 cm) |
3
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 2 3/5 inches (6.5 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 8 2/5 inch (21 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 3 3/5 - 7 1/5 inches (9 - 18 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 10 4/5 - 17 1/5 inches (27 - 43 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 2 4/5 inches (7 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 2 4/5 inches (7 cm) |
3A
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 4 inches (10 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 10 inches (25 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 2 - 8 2/5 inches (5 - 21 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 10 2/5 - 19 3/5 inches (26 - 49 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 2 4/5 inches (7 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 3 2/5 inches (8.5 cm) |
4 - Middle size breeds: like Poodle,
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 3 3/5 inches (9 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 9 3/5 inches (24 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 2 4/5 - 7 3/5 inches (7 - 19 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 14 4/5 - 18 4/5 inches (37 - 47 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 2 4/5 inches (7 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 3 1/5 inches (8 cm) |
4L - Middle size breeds: like Poodle with longer snout
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 4 1/5 inches (10.5 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 10 inches (25 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 1 3/5 - 6 4/5 inches (4 - 17 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 10 4/5 - 20 inches (27 - 50 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 3 inches (7.5 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 3 1/5 inches (8 cm) |
5 - Spaniel, Schnauzer, Foxterrier, Pinscher, Weimaraner etc.
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 4 2/5 inches (11 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 10 2/5 inches (26 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 2 4/5 - 7 3/5 inches (7 - 19 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 15 3/5 - 19 3/5 inches (39 - 49 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 3 inches (7.5 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 3 3/5 inches (9 cm) |
6 - Bigger dogs:like German Shepherd
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 4 inches (10 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 11 1/5 inches (28 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 2 3/5 - 8 4/5 inches (6.5 - 22 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 16 - 24 2/5 inches (40 - 61 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 3 1/5 inches (8 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 3 4/5 inches (9.5 cm) |
6L - Bigger dogs:like German Shepherd,with longer snout
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 4 4/5 inches (12 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 12 inches (30 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 1 3/5 - 8 inches (4 - 20 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 12 4/5 - 26 2/5 inches (32 - 66 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 3 1/5 inches (8 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 4 inches (10 cm) |
7 - Pointer, Pitbull, Amstaff, Dalmatian, Setter, Labrador, Golden Retriever
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 4 2/5 inches (11 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 12 4/5 inches (32 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 4 - 10 inches (10 - 25 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 14 - 25 3/5 inches (35 - 64 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 3 4/5 inches (9.5 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 4 inches (10 cm) |
8 - Poodle (big), Siberian Husky
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 4 3/5 inches (11.5 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 14 inches (35 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 6 - 10 4/5 inches (15 - 27 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 20 - 28 inches (50 - 70 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 4 inches (10 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 4 2/5 inches (11 cm) |
9 - Alaskan Malamute etc.
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 4 4/5 inches (12.5 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 13 3/5 inches (34 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 7 1/5 - 10 4/5 inches (18 - 27 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 20 - 28 inches (50 - 70 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 3 3/5 inches (9 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 4 2/5 inches (11 cm) |
10 - Caucasian ovcharka
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 4 4/5 inches (12 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 15 3/5 inches (39 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 5 3/5 - 13 3/5 inches (14 - 34 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 20 4/5 - 30 inches (52 - 75 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 4 inches (10 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 5 3/5 inches (14 cm) |
11 - Large Caucasian ovcharka, Leonberger, Great Dane
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 6.1 inches (15.5 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 15 3/4 inches (40 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 2.4 - 14.2 inches (6 - 36 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 18 - 31 inches (46 - 78 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 4 inches (10 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 5 3/5 inches (14 cm) |
12 - Dogs with extra broad snout:Saint Bernard
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 5 1/5 inches (13 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 19 inches (47.5 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 7 1/5 - 12 inches (18 - 30 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 24 4/5 - 34 2/5 inches (62 - 86 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 5 4/5 inches (14.5 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 6 1/5 inches (15.5 cm) |
13 - Dogs with extra big snout:Great Dane
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 5 1/5 inches (13 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 18 inches (45 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 7 1/5 - 15 1/5 inches (18-38 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 24 4/5 - 34 2/5 inches (62-86 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 4 2/5 inches (11 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 6 3/5 inches (16.5 cm) |
J1 - Small dogs with longer snout:
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 3 2/5 inches (8.5 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 8 inches (20 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 3 1/5 - 7 1/5 inches (8 - 18 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 6 3/5 - 12 4/5 inches (24 - 32 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 2 inches (5 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 2 3/5 inches (6.5 cm) |
J2 - Dachshund and other small dogs
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 3 3/5 inches (9 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 8 4/5 inches (22 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 3 1/5 - 7 1/5 inches (8 - 18 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 10 - 12 4/5 inches (25 - 32 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 2 2/5 inches (6 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 3 inches (7.5 cm) |
D1 - Dogs with longer snout
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 4 4/5 inches (12 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 10 4/5 inches (27 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 6 4/5 - 8 4/5 inches (17 - 22 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 18 - 22 inches (45 - 55 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 3 1/5 inches (8 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 3 3/5 inches (9 cm) |
D2 - Doberman Pinscher, Collie
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 5 2/5 inches (13.5 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 11 1/5 inches (28 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 4 2/5 - 8 2/5 inches (11 - 21 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 14 - 21 1/5 inches (35 - 53 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 3 3/5 inches (9 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 3 3/5 inches (9 cm) |
D3 - Setter, Pointer and other dogs
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 5 2/5 inches (13.5 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 12 inches (30 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 6 4/5 - 10 inches (17 - 25 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 18 4/5 - 22 4/5 inches (47 - 57 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 3 4/5 inches (9.5 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 3 4/5 inches (9.5 cm) |
B0 - French Bulldog, Pug
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 2 3/5 inches (6.5 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 10 3/5 inches (26.5 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 2 4/5 - 7 3/5 inches (7 -1 9 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 11 1/5 - 20 inches (28 - 50 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 3 1/5 inches (8 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 3 3/5 inches (9 cm) |
B0.5 - Boston terrier, French Bulldog bitch
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 2 1/5 inches (5.5 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 10 inches (25 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 2 2/5 - 5 3/5 inches (6 - 14 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 10 4/5 - 18 2/5 inches (27 - 46 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 3 1/5 inches (8 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 3 1/5 inches (8 cm) |
B1 - Dog with short snout:Boxer and other dogs with short snout
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 2 3/5 inches (6.5 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 11 1/5 inches (28 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 2 2/5 - 7 3/5 inches (6 - 19 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 13 1/5 - 22 inches (33 - 55 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 3 3/5 inches (9 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 3 3/5 inches (9 cm) |
B2
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 2 2/5 in(6 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 12 4/5 inches (32 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 3 - 10 inches (7.5 - 25 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 15 1/5 - 24 2/5 inches (38 - 61 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 4 inches (10 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 4 inches (10 cm) |
B3
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 3 1/5 inches (8 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 14 inches (35 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 6 4/5 - 8 4/5 inches (17 - 22 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 17 1/5 - 26 inches (43 - 65 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 4 3/5 inches (11.5 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 4 3/5 inches (11.5 cm) |
B3.5 - Bigger male English Bulldog, Dogue De Bordeaux
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 2 4/5 inches (7 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 16 2/5 inches (41 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 2 2/5 - 11 1/5 inches (6 - 28 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 16 - 29 1/5 inches (40 - 73 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 4 4/5 inches (12.5 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 4 4/5 inches (12.5 cm) |
B4 - Big American bulldog, bullmastiff, Dogue De Bordeaux
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 3 3/5 inches (9 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 18 inches (45 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 6 - 11 3/5 inches (15 - 29 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 25 1/5 - 34 4/5 inches (63 - 87 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 5 2/5 inches (13.5 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 5 4/5 inches (14.5 cm) |
R0 - Pitbull, amstaf and similar
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 3 2/5 inches (8.5 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 13 inches (32.5 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 1 3/5 - 10 2/5 inches (4 - 26 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 13 3/5 - 26 2/5 inches (34 - 66 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 3 2/5 inches (8.5 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 4 3/5 inches (11.5 cm) |
R1 - Dogs with broad snout:Rottweiler, Golden Retriever
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 3 4/5 inches (9.5 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 14 inches (35 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 2 4/5 - 7 3/5 inches (7 - 19 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 15 1/5 - 24 inches (38 - 60 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 3 4/5 inches (9.5 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 4 4/5 inches (12.5 cm) |
R1L - Dogs with broad snout:Rottweiler, Golden Retriever, with longer snout
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 4 3/5 inches (11.5 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 15 1/5 inches (38 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 1 3/5 - 6 4/5 inches (4 - 17 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 12 - 25 1/5 inches (30 - 63 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 3 4/5 inches (9.5 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 5 2/5 inches (13.5 cm) |
R2 - Labrador, Big Pitbull, Amstaff, Rottweiler
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 4 inches (10 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 14 2/5 inches (36 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 3 - 10 4/5 inches (7.5 - 27 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 17 1/5 - 26 inches (43 - 65 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 4 inches (10 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 4 4/5 inches (12.5 cm) |
R2L - Big Labrador, Berner Sennenhund, Anatolian Shepherd
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 4 2/5 inches (11 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 15 1/5 inches (38 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 1 3/5 - 10 2/5 inches (4 - 26 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 14 - 26 4/5 inches (35 - 67 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 4 inches (10 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 5 1/5 inches (13 cm) |
R3 - Bigger Rottweiler, Big Labrador
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 4 inches (10 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 15 1/5 inches (38 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 3 - 10 4/5 inches (7.5 - 27 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 21 3/5 - 30 2/5 inches (54 - 76 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 4 2/5 inches (11 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 5 2/5 inches (13.5 cm) |
R3.5
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 4 1/5 inches (10.5 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 17 inches (42.5 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
|
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 20 2/5 inches (50.85 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 4 4/5 inches (12 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 5 2/5 inches (13.5 cm) |
R3L - Bigger Rottweiler, Big Labrador, Berner Sennenhund
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 4 4/5 inches (12.5 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 15 4/5 inches (39.5 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 1 3/5 - 10 2/5 inches (4 - 26 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 18 2/5 - 31 1/5 inches (46 - 78 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 4 2/5 inches (11 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 5 1/5 inches (13 cm) |
R4 - Big American bulldog, bullmastiff
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 4 inches (10 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 18 4/5 inches (47 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 3 1/5 - 12 inches (8 - 30 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 24 4/5 - 33 1/5 inches (62 - 83 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 5 2/5 inches (13.5 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 6 1/5 inches (15.5 cm) |
OB1 - Malinois, GSD Bitch, Doberman
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 5 1/5 inches (13 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 12 2/5 inches (31 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 3 1/5 - 10 4/5 inches (8 - 27 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 13 1/5 - 22 inches (33 - 55 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 3 2/5 inches (8.5 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 4 inches (10 cm) |
OB2 - Big Malinois, Middle GSD
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 5 3/5 inches (14 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 14 inches (35 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 3 1/5 - 10 4/5 inches (8 - 27 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 15 1/5 - 24 inches (38 - 60 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 3 3/5 inches (9 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 4 4/5 inches (12 cm) |
OB3
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 5 4/5 inches (14.5 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 14 4/5 inches (37 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 3 1/5 - 11 3/5 inches (8 - 29 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 21 3/5 - 30 2/5 inches (54 - 76 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 4 inches (10 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 4 4/5 inches (12.5 cm) |
OB4
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 6 inches (15 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 16 2/5 inches (41 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 5 3/5 - 13 3/5 inches (14 - 34 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 24 4/5 - 33 1/5 inches (62 - 83 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 4 3/5 inches (11.5 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 5 2/5 inches (13.5 cm) |
BT - Bullterier male
| LengthInches (cm) |
| 5 3/5 inches (14 cm) |
| CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 14 2/5 inches (36 cm) |
| Eye LineInches (cm) |
| 1 3/5 - 10 2/5 inches (4 - 26 cm) |
| Neck CircumferenceInches (cm) |
| 16 - 28 4/5 inches (40 - 72 cm) |
| WidthInches (cm) |
| 4 2/5 inches (11 cm) |
| HeightInches (cm)) |
| 4 4/5 inches (12.5 cm) |
.7. Once you understand the behavioral principles underlying the method, you'll be able to customize techniques for your particular dog and create entirely new techniques to teach just about anything you can think of. Principles of Operant Conditioning The theory of operant conditioning holds that behavior is learned based on the consequences the behavior elicits. To modify or "shape" behavior, operant conditioning relies on five major principles. It's important to note that the terms "positive" and "negative" do not mean "good" and "bad" in this context; "positive" is used here to refer to adding something, while "negative" refers to removing something. Similarly, "reinforcement" is any consequence that causes behavior to occur with increased frequency, while "punishment" refers to consequences that cause behavior to occur with decreased frequency. - Positive Reinforcement - Occurs when something pleasant is added to strengthen a behavior. o Canine Example: Your dog comes when you call; you offer praise and a treat, increasing the likelihood that she will come the next time you call. o Human Example: Your child worked hard and got an A on his math test; you reward him with a new video game, increasing the likelihood that he will study hard for the next test. - Negative Reinforcement - Occurs when something unpleasant (called an aversive) is removed to strengthen a behavior. o Canine Example: Your dog is wearing a shock collar and ignoring your call; you administer a shock that is stopped as soon as your dog starts heading back toward you. o Human Example: You tell your child that he will not have to mow the lawn for a month if he works hard and gets an A on his math test. - Positive Punishment - Occurs when something unpleasant is added to weaken a behavior.